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What is M1?
M1 is the money supply that consists of currency, demand deposits and other liquid deposits – which includes savings deposits. M1 includes the most liquid parts of the money supply because it contains currency and assets that are or can be quickly converted into cash. However, the "near money" and "near, near money" that fall under M2 and M3 cannot be converted into currency that quickly.
KEY Summary
M1 is a narrow measure of the money supply that includes currency, demand deposits and other liquid deposits, including savings.
M1 does not include financial assets such as bonds.
M1 is no longer used as a guide for monetary policy in the US due to the lack of correlation between it and other economic variables.
Note About m1 money supply USA
1. M1 consists of (1) currency outside the US Treasury, Federal Reserve Banks, and depository institution vaults; (2) demand deposits with commercial banks (excluding amounts held by depository institutions, the U.S. Government, and foreign banks and official institutions) less cash items in process of collection and circulation of the Federal Reserve System; and (3) other liquid deposits, consisting of other checkable deposits (or OCDs, which include a negotiable withdrawal order or NOW, and an automatic transfer service or ATS, accounts with depository institutions, checking accounts with credit unions, and demand deposits with savings institutions ) and savings deposits (including money market deposit accounts). Seasonally adjusted M1 is constructed by summing currency in circulation, demand deposits and other liquid deposits, each seasonally adjusted separately.
2. M2 consists of M1 plus (1) low-denomination term deposits (term deposits in amounts less than $100,000) minus individual retirement account (IRA) and Keogh balances at depository institutions; and (2) retail money market fund (MFF) balances less IRA and Keogh balances with the IMF. Seasonally adjusted M2 is constructed by summing small denomination term deposits and retail money market funds, each seasonally adjusted separately, and adding the result to seasonally adjusted M1.
3. Circulating currency consists of Federal Reserve notes and coins outside the US Treasury and Federal Reserve Banks.
4. Reserve balances are balances held by depository institutions in principal accounts and excess balances with Federal Reserve Banks.
5. Monetary base equals currency in circulation plus reserve balances.
6. Total reserves equal reserve balances plus, until April 2020, vault cash used to meet reserve requirements.
7. Total borrowings in millions of dollars from the Federal Reserve are borrowings from the primary, secondary, and seasonal discount window lending programs and other borrowings from emergency credit facilities.
8. Unborrowed reserves equal total reserves less total borrowings from the Federal Reserve.
Deep M1 Money Supply Explanation
The meaning of money supply M1 implies the most liquid part of money circulation in the economy. In its narrowest aspect, the money supply can be defined as M1. It includes coins and currencies in circulation, meaning they are not held by the Federal Reserve Bank or the US Treasury. Instead, they move (circulate) through the economy.
Another component, checkable deposits, so-called demand deposits, is closely related to circulation and therefore belongs to this category. These represent amounts on current accounts. Demand deposits are called when a check is written or a debit card is used, the financial institution must deliver the deposit holder's money "on demand". The majority of M1 consists of these items – current account and bank current accounts (together with other liquid components).
Cash, checkables (demand deposits) and traveler's checks are among the most liquid assets present in M1. Although they still belong to M1, people don't use traveller's checks much these days. Several less liquid assets, in addition to those in the money supply components of M1, such as savings and time deposits, certificates of deposit, and money market funds, make up M2.
Evaluation and analysis of the money supply help economists and decision makers develop new policies or change existing ones that increase or decrease the money supply. Valuation is significant because it ultimately affects the business cycle, which impacts the economy. For example, when growth outpaces M1, growth output can be an indicator of inflation
M1 money supply Formula
Category M1 forms the most liquid part of monetary circulation and includes the monetary base. Therefore, the formula is as follows:
M1 = coins and currency in circulation + checkable deposits + traveler's checks.
Another way of writing is, M1 = M0 + Demand deposits
Where, M0 = Currency notes + coins + bank reserves.
The US money supply M1 consists of:
M1 consists of:
- Money held by the United States Treasury, Federal Reserve Bank, or depository institutions.
- Commercial banks require deposits (excluding cash held by depository institutions, the US government, foreign banks, and other official institutions) and less Federal Reserve cash holdings that are in the process of being withdrawn.
- Other liquid deposits include checkable deposits (OCDs), which include negotiable withdrawal orders (NOWs), automatic depository transfer service (ATS) accounts, credit union checking accounts and demand deposits with savings banks, savings deposits, including money market deposits etc. (Seasonally adjusted chart of money supply M1 includes sum of money in circulation, demand deposits and other liquid deposits)
The money supply of an economy is often divided into four parts — M0, M1, M2, and M3. The money supply M1 is a measurement of the total amount in circulation. It consists of M0, which is paper currency and coins, plus public current accounts. Other forms of M1 currency are: traveler's checks, automatic transfer accounts, and credit union accounts. Economists often use the measurement of the money supply, M1, as an indicator of inflation.
In the US, M1 is the money the US Federal Reserve issues to commercial banks for deposits and loans. The total amount of money in circulation often affects the flow of economic activity. M1 is generally used in conjunction with the money supply measures M2 and M3 by economists to measure how much money is in circulation. M2 consists of M1 plus savings accounts. The money supply M3 consists of M2 plus large commercial deposits.
The US Federal Reserve often manipulates the money supply M1 to control inflation. If the Federal Reserve issues or prints too much money, the result is inflation and rising prices. Rising prices of goods and services often reduce consumer spending and loss of income for business owners.
A common solution often used to fight inflation is to reduce the money supply. In effect, the Federal Reserve stops printing money. The goal of reducing the money supply is generally to reduce inflation and prices.
Reducing the money supply, many economists argue, could hurt the overall economy without reducing inflation. A decrease in the M1 money supply often not only reduces inflation and prices, but often reduces the purchasing power of consumers. With less money to spend, many consumers tend to buy only the goods and services they need.
In conjunction with manipulating the money supply, the Federal Reserve often raises interest rates to control inflation. The US Federal Reserve usually adjusts interest rates only when it feels prices are rising enough to cause inflation. An increase in the interest rate usually attempts to reduce the amount of money in circulation. This interest rate increase is generally 1 percent or less depending on economic conditions. If the Federal Reserve raises interest rates too sharply, it could result in reduced borrowing by consumers and businesses.
As well as reducing the money supply M1, an increase in interest rates can reduce consumer spending and dampen business activity. When interest rates rise, many consumers and business owners often don't buy the goods they want because it costs too much to borrow money.
